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"KAZAKH BASE FOR AVIATION PROTECTION OF FORESTS AND FOREST SERVICE"
Regular site version
FAS “Avialesoohrana” trains an observer pilot and instructors of paratroopers-firefighters for airborne protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan
The Republic of Kazakhstan, not being a multi-wheeled state (compared with the Russian Federation), is unique and inaccessible to many forest areas. Relict spruce forests of the Tien Shan, Altai forest, snow leopard habitats and other "natural pearls” of the state need professional protection from fires.
Aviation forest protection in Kazakhstan was launched in 1948, when the Kazakh Union Republic was part of the Soviet Union. For almost 30 years, the conservation of forests in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic was provided by the West Siberian base for forest aviation protection.
Due to the steady increase in the attendance of the forests of Kazakhstan, and, consequently, the growth of fires, in 1978 in the Republic an independent specialized service was organized - the Kazakh base for forest aviation protection. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan retained the system of aviation forest protection and currently operates the republican state-owned enterprise Kazavialesoohrana, which has a staff of observer pilots, instructors of fire groups, teams and paratroopers.
In the course of the implementation of the Agreement between the CIS countries on the prevention and suppression of natural fires in the border areas, the forest services of Russia and Kazakhstan provide constant information interaction, fire arrangement of the border areas of the forest fund, extinguishing emerging fires and conduct joint tactical exercises.
The training of an observer pilot for Kazavialesoohrana will end in late May, and instructors in early April 2020.
Aviation forest protection in Kazakhstan was launched in 1948, when the Kazakh Union Republic was part of the Soviet Union. For almost 30 years, the conservation of forests in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic was provided by the West Siberian base for forest aviation protection.
Due to the steady increase in the attendance of the forests of Kazakhstan, and, consequently, the growth of fires, in 1978 in the Republic an independent specialized service was organized - the Kazakh base for forest aviation protection. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan retained the system of aviation forest protection and currently operates the republican state-owned enterprise Kazavialesoohrana, which has a staff of observer pilots, instructors of fire groups, teams and paratroopers.
Among the tasks of "Kazavialesoohrana” are carrying out work on both protecting the forest fund from fires and specially protected areas, as well as conducting forest pathological surveillance, and performing flights for the needs of the hunting economy. In addition to An-2, Partenavia P.68 aircraft, Mi-2, Mi-8 helicopters, ВO-105, Eurocopter EC145, Mi-17 are used.
Professional interaction of forestry specialists from Russia and Kazakhstan has been preserved and is constantly evolving.In the course of the implementation of the Agreement between the CIS countries on the prevention and suppression of natural fires in the border areas, the forest services of Russia and Kazakhstan provide constant information interaction, fire arrangement of the border areas of the forest fund, extinguishing emerging fires and conduct joint tactical exercises.
Currently, the Aviation Training Center of the Federal Aviation Safety Agency "Avialesoohrana” is training employees of the air fire service of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
The cadet Chingizkhan Shaizathan masters the profession of observer pilot, his comrades Valery Babakov, Elnur Satybaldin, Tulegen Tulepbergenov undergo training for instructors of paratrooper firefighters.The training of an observer pilot for Kazavialesoohrana will end in late May, and instructors in early April 2020.
The presence of such specialists as an observer pilot and instructor of paratrooper-firefighters will provide a professional level of service for forest fires by air fire groups, which will allow you to effectively deal with the fire element in the most difficult situations.
On February 26, 2020, a meeting was held on preparations for the fire hazard season of 2020 in the state forest fund and protected areas
On February 26, 2020, a meeting was held at the Karaganda Regional Territorial Inspectorate of Forestry and Wildlife of the Committee on Forestry and Wildlife on the preparation for the fire hazard season of 2020 in the territory of the state forest fund and protected areas, as well as the consideration of work plans for the region’s forest owners for 2020.
According to the results of the meeting, in preparation for the fire hazard season, it was decided to produce:
1. Education and training of forest fire services on issues of fire arrangement of the territory and extinguishing of forest fires;
2. Formation of fire brigades;
3. Repair of fire fighting equipment, equipment and observation objects;
4. Preventive fire-fighting measures in the forests around settlements;
5. Training of the inspection staff, state security workers in ensuring the protection of forests from illegal logging, as well as the procedure for compiling and maintaining
forestry documentation;
6. Burning of existing logging residues before the start of the fire hazard season;
7. Conduct controlled annealing of grassy vegetation on the territory of the forest fund and adjacent territories in order to reduce the fire hazard, etc.
The meeting was attended by representatives of the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, municipal public forestry institutions, National Natural Parks located in the Karaganda region, representatives of the Emergencies Ministry. From the enterprise of the State Enterprise "Kazavialesoohrana" the meeting was attended by the head of the Karkaraly aviation department, T. V. Plotnikov.
On February 25, 2020, a meeting was held on the topic: “Results of the fire hazard season of 2019 and tasks for the fire hazard season of 2020”
On February 25, 2020, in the RSU "Almaty Regional Territorial Inspection of Forestry and Wildlife of the Committee for Forestry and Wildlife of the Ministry of Ecology of Geology and Natural Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan" a meeting was held on the topic "Results of the fire hazard season of 2019 and tasks for the fire hazard season of 2020", with the participation of representatives of the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, municipal public forestry institutions, national natural parks and nature reserves Almaty oh area.
During the meeting, issues related to preparation for the fire hazard season of 2020 and measures taken by forest owners to prevent and combat forest fires during the fire hazard season were discussed. According to the results of the meeting, in preparation for the fire hazard season, it was decided to produce:
1. Education and training of forest fire services on issues of fire arrangement of the territory and extinguishing of forest fires;
2. Formation of fire brigades;
3. Repair of fire fighting equipment, equipment and observation objects;
4. Preventive fire-fighting measures in the forests around settlements;
5. Training of the inspection staff, state security workers in ensuring the protection of forests from illegal logging, as well as the procedure for compiling and maintaining
forestry documentation;
6. Burning of existing logging residues before the start of the fire hazard season;
7. Conduct controlled annealing of grassy vegetation on the territory of the forest fund and adjacent territories in order to reduce the fire hazard.
From the enterprise of the State Enterprise "Kazavialesoohrana" the meeting was attended by the head of the Taldykorgan Aviation Department Bazarbekov M.K. and observer pilot of the Almaty Aviation Department Ibragimov Y.R.
Learning the nature of the native land - dressing
Dressing - a species of mammal from the family marten (Mustelidae). It lives in Eastern Europe, Western and Central Asia. The habitual habitat for dressing is deserts, steppes, woodlands. In addition, the animal rises to mountains up to 3 thousand meters above sea level. Ligation is widespread for the most part in Eastern Europe and throughout Asia. If we describe the habitat of the ferrets, it turns out that they live from the Balkan Peninsula, touching the south of Russia, to the northwestern regions of Mongolia and China. The animal rarely immigrates, only if the food on the territory has run out. The dressing lives either in other people's holes, or digs itself. The animal does not try to avoid people and settlements, so you can easily meet him in gardens, vineyards and parks. Dressings are often kept at home, because their contents differ little from hamsters or ferrets.
Appearance
Ligation - a small animal a little smaller than a ferret. Dressing for an interesting color, many call the "marble ferret." The body length is from 30 to 40 cm, with almost half falling on the tail. The weight of the largest adult individuals reaches 730 g, the average weight of females is only 300-400 g. The dressing has a physique typical of most representatives of the marten family. An elongated body, a long tail, short legs, a small head - these are the main characteristics of its appearance. However, the dressing can be easily distinguished from the next of kin by a specific color. The top of the body and the back of the animals are painted in a dark brown tone with numerous bright yellow spots and stripes. The lower body and neck are black. The muzzle is also black, with a beautiful pattern of wide white stripes.
Behavior and Nutrition
Dressings lead a twilight and nightlife. In the afternoon, they rest in burrows abandoned by other animals or dug independently. Ligation is an active predator; its main prey is small rodents: ground squirrels, grouses, and field voles. Dressings hunt both on the ground, where they sometimes stand on their hind legs to have a better view of the terrain, and on trees that they can climb on. Outside of the breeding season, both males and females prefer solitude. Sites of individual individuals may overlap, while fights in the struggle for territory do not occur. The animals avoid contact with each other. Dressings, like skunks, use the foul-smelling secret of the anal glands to scare away enemies. Before the attack, they warn the enemy, taking a threatening pose and ruffling the fur on end. The dressing has a peculiar voice. She can scream loudly, scream and even grunt. But if the animal is in a frightened state, then a distinct growl is heard.
An interesting fact in the hunt for dressing is that it sometimes combines with another animal, the fox, to attack a colony of gerbils. The fox guards the rodents at the exits from the holes, and the dressing destroys them in the underground passages themselves.
Reproduction and longevity
Ligation females become sexually mature at the age of three months. Males need about a year to complete growing up. Pregnancy dressings last 11 months. As with most mustelids, these animals have a delay in the development of the embryo. At the same time from one to eight babies are born. They are very small and blind, but they grow quickly and after a month they wean from milk. A month after birth, they wean from the mother’s milk and begin to eat on their own. The male is involved in the rearing of young only in captivity. Puppies open their eyes after 40 days. After 1.5 months, the puppies wean from the mother’s milk and begin to hunt on their own. In freedom, the animal lives about 6 years, but in captivity they survive to 9.
Enemies
In the 20th century, the dressing population declined rapidly. The reason for this was not so much the hunt for their fur, which, compared with the fur of other marten, is not very highly valued, as the transformation of their habitat into agricultural land. In addition, the large-scale extermination of rodents that serve them prey, often deprives them of food. The Balkan subspecies of dressings Vormela peregusna peregusna is considered to be endangered, although in general the type of dressings is not yet under acute threat.
A future without corruption - a common goal
January 20, 2020 a meeting on the fight against corruption was held in the central office
Head of the Legal Department Ibraev Zh.O. during the meeting, it was told about the law on amendments and additions to some legislative acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan on public service and the fight against corruption, signed by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Kasym-Zhomart Tokaev, on November 28, 2019. The amendments are aimed at increasing personal discipline, responsibility of the first leaders in the commission of corruption crimes by their subordinates. So, they include the norm on the establishment of personal responsibility of leaders - political civil servants - ministers, heads of structures and akims of the regions. A new stage in the fight against corruption has begun in the country. For the first time in the history of independent Kazakhstan, the responsibility of managers for their subordinates has been fixed at the legislative level.
The immediate subordinates are:
1. for the minister - his deputies, executive secretary or chief of staff, heads of regional divisions;
2. for the akim of the region, the city of republican significance, the capital - his deputies, chief of staff, akim of the district (city of regional significance);
3. for the Vice-Minister - the head of the department supervised by him or an independent structural unit;
4. for deputies of the oblast akim - heads of executive bodies supervised by him, financed from the local budget;
5. for the district akim - his deputies, chiefs of staff, heads of supervised regional executive bodies, akims of villages, towns, rural districts.
It is worth noting that in general the bill is aimed at regulating public relations related to the entry, passage and termination of public service.
The document reveals the basic concepts, defines the principles of the civil service of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the legal status and status of civil servants, the conditions for admission and the procedure for performing public service.
The competence of the authorized body for civil service affairs is also established.
So, state bodies, by decision of the authorized commission, can recruit foreign workers who have undergone a special inspection of the national security bodies of the Republic of Kazakhstan, having issued labor relations with them in accordance with the labor legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
The law also regulates the procedure for admission and passage of civil service on the principle of career, as well as a competent and competitive approach. It consists of 71 articles.
So, the first time entering the civil service will be carried out in a grassroots position on the basis of a three-stage competitive selection. At the first stage, candidates will be tested for knowledge of the law and competencies. At the second, the commission will assess its commitment to the values of civil service. At the third, the state agency will evaluate the profile knowledge and skills of candidates through an interview. For a successful competition process, a trial period of 3 to 6 months is established with the mentors secured.
If the test fails, the employee is subject to dismissal in agreement with the agency. Career advancement in civil service will be carried out only on a competitive basis. Moreover, in addition to competence, work experience in subordinate positions is required.
In particular, article 8 is supplemented by a new paragraph, according to which persons applying for a public position with a high risk of corruption offenses, commit themselves to the possibility of applying a special check for compliance with anti-corruption legislation. The list of posts and the verification mechanism will be determined by the government.
During the meeting, it was also said that corruption is a serious barrier to the healthy development of society, a social evil that requires intervention and elimination. But an effective fight against this negative phenomenon is impossible without a sufficiently complete and accurate knowledge of its essence, specific conditions of occurrence and consequences. The formation of a negative public perception of this phenomenon and anti-corruption education of the population should be an integral part of moral and civic education, legal culture, awareness of their rights and obligations to society.
Forest Guard - Roller Trigger (SU-R)
The fire-fighting trigger device SU-R is designed for adjustable descent along the cord. Optimally adapted for descent from helicopters. The use of parachute-free landing allows you to deliver people and goods to unequipped sites. The SU-R trigger roller device is a set of rollers fixedly mounted on a metal board. On the device are marked various options for refueling the cord depending on the weight of the person or the load.
History of creation
The parachute-free landing method (hereinafter referred to as the BAP) began its history in the late 1920s. The design bureau of P.I. Grokhovsky, engaged in the development of parachute systems, has created a number of devices and devices for airborne landing of people and cargo. A set of tests was carried out, the results of which were found to be quite satisfactory.
However, only landing of cargo and equipment on landing platforms from a low-level flight was further developed. It should be noted that, for example, in the US Army, this method of landing military equipment is still almost the only possible one. In other countries, work has also been carried out in this direction - it’s enough to recall the development of German designers to land troops from a shaving flight on a canvas sleeve (this landing method was not widespread due to high injuries).
With the advent of helicopters, the air defense force received a new impetus for development - landing and non-stop (from a height of 2-3 m from the hover mode and at a flight speed of up to 10 km / h) of the tactical landing were made possible. But far from always the terrain and vegetation allow the helicopter to approach the ground at a safe distance - often a suitable platform for landing, is located at a considerable distance from the place of upcoming actions.
There was an urgent need for landing from a height of 5 m or more from the hovering mode. Firefighters and aviation rescuers became pioneers in this matter, since it was they who needed to land as close as possible to the fires and crash sites. Abroad, work was also carried out in this direction - two main methods of landing l / s were developed and put into practice: along the cord on the launching devices and along special ropes.
The development in 1960 of a drum-type trigger device (SU-B) increased the mobility of forest firefighters, allowing people and cargo to be lowered from a helicopter hanging at a height of up to 40 meters. The experimental descents, which were carried out by specially trained paratroopers, were led by engineer K.V. Shilov. Specialists of the LenNIIILKh and the Central Air Base carried out refinement and testing of the device until 1962.
The introduction of SU-B was very slow due to the lack of a production base in the forestry for their manufacture. Massive use of slopes began only in the seventies. The advent of the airborne fire service did not make the parachute airborne service less significant, on the contrary, both services reinforced each other. Helicopters made it possible to deliver people and extinguishing equipment to places where parachutist landing was impossible due to the lack of suitable landing sites - for example, in mountainous areas.
In 1978, according to the rational proposal of the engineer of the production and technical laboratory of the Central Air Base N.A. Pushkarev developed a special roller-type launching device "SU-R", which significantly increased the safety of descents by paratroopers and the speed of landing groups.
The trigger device SU-R consists of a steel protective removable casing and a steel base on which four aluminum rollers and two half rollers are fixed, having spherical grooves on the lateral surfaces into which the cord for lowering is laid.
The symbols on the casing mean: the numerator is the number of the hole (starting from the hole located next to the spring clip), the denominator is the mass of the person or load. The number of rollers covered by the cord depends on the individual mass of the descending person or the mass of the load.
There is a spring clip on the top roller. At the bottom of the base there is a hole for attaching a carbine. When the trigger moves along the cord, friction is generated. In this case, the initial descent speed can be from 0.5 to 1 m / s, with further advancement, the speed should not exceed 3 m / s. Allowable working load - 1500 kg, device weight - 520 g.
The trigger cord must be laid in a self-opening bay, which, when dropped, should be easily opened.
To prepare the device for operation, you must:
1. press the button and shift the protective cover from the trigger;
2. Store the free end of the cord in the immediate vicinity of the place of its fastening in SU-R, depending on the estimated weight of the launch.
Application of SU-R for self-descent of a person:
1. prepare the SU-R for work;
2. put the casing on the base with the cord already stocked according to one of the schemes for laying the trigger cord;
3. Using a carabiner, connect the used suspension system or rescue scarf to the lower oval hole SU-R;
4. hang on the trigger cord, pulling the free end of the cord below the SU-R;
5. loosening the grip of the cord with your hand, start sliding down;
6. Before landing, it is necessary to increase the tension of the lower end of the cord to reduce the speed to 0.2–0.5 m / s or to a complete stop;
7. After landing, you must crouch, thereby creating a slack in the cord;
8. unhook the carbine from the SU-R by pressing on the latch head, remove the protective cover and disconnect the base of the SU-R from the trigger cord.
The descent speed (not more than 3 m / s) is maintained by pulling the free end of the cord below the SU-R with the required force from 1 to 10 kgf. To fix the cord, it is necessary to wrap it around the upper protrusion of the SU-R.
Exploitation
In Kazavialesooxrana, with the help of a roller shutter (SU-R), paratroopers-firemen perform descents from a helicopter to the ground. Descent is carried out from a height of 30 and 40 meters. From such a height, paratrooper firefighters have to work directly to extinguish forest fires. A helicopter can get as close to the ground as the crowns of trees allow. It should be noted that it is not always possible to get to the area of the current forest fire by land transport, and when delivering forces and equipment by air, it is not possible to select a site for safe landing.
In such cases, a decision is made to land in the area of the fire using a helicopter. A pilot observer from the air selects a site suitable for descent of paratroopers-firemen, at least 5x5 meters in size between the crowns of trees. The helicopter hangs over this "well" at a height of at least 10 meters above the tops of trees (with the height to the ground should not exceed 45 meters). The observer pilot opens the door and drops a particularly durable (900 kg per gap) 50-meter cord, through which, with the help of a trigger roller device, fire paratroopers descend directly from the helicopter to the ground.
Discovering the Nature of the Native Land - Menzbir Marmot
Groundhog Menzbier
The marmot of Menzbir is an endemic of the Western Tien Shan, which has a very small range and low total number. The smallest of the Palaearctic marmots. Distributed only in the north-eastern third of the Karzhantau mountains and on the adjacent slope of the Ugam ridge (typical, or Ugam subspecies), as well as in the southwestern quarter of Chatkal and on the adjacent northeastern part of the Kuraminsky ranges (Chatkal subspecies). The area of the Ugamsk groundhog is located entirely in the Shymkent region of Kazakhstan, and Chatkal groundhog is mainly located in Uzbekistan and only slightly enters Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. In Kazakhstan, the Menzbir marmot lives only in the subalpine and alpine zones of mountains at an altitude of 2100–3300 m above sea level. m. In the lower zone, where it is relatively warm, and the vegetation dries out quite early in the summer, it inhabits mainly the northern and north-eastern most snowy slopes.
Groundhog settlements here are confined either to snowfields, or to places where spring water emerges - sazas, where plants remain green until late autumn. In the upper zone (over 2900 m) there is a lot of precipitation in the form of snow, and the northern slopes even in mid-June are very snowy. Therefore, the groundhog settles here mainly on the less snowy southern and southwestern slopes, more sun-warmed, where thawed patches and green fodder appear earlier, and the soil dries better. The gentle slopes of the mountains with well-defined mesorelief are most favorable for the groundhog. Here, sufficient depth of the fine earth layer for the construction of burrows, more mosaic vegetation is the basis of good nutrition of animals. Such places are more common on glacial moraines, which are almost always inhabited by marmots.
Appearance
The length of the body is 40-50 cm, the tail is 8.5-13 cm. Regarding the length of the body, the tail takes an average of 22%. Weight 1850–3400 g in May and 3450–4080 g in August. The color of the top of the head, back and sides is dark brown, sometimes almost black, sharply delimited from the ocher-yellowish sides of the neck and head. The belly and paws are reddish-buffy, the tail is dark brown, but in the case of incomplete molting, it is yellow or even mottled from mixing these tones. In summer, during molting, dark tones, fading, become light brown and yellowish-rust, and the color is generally less characteristic. It differs from other marmots in the Tien Shan by its short tail, and at the end of summer it has a very dark coloration of the back, head and neck, sharply delimited from the light lateral parts of the head and neck, as well as a characteristic long-mournful (like a buzzard) cry "covered”.
Behavior and Nutrition
In the upper river. Badam at a height of up to 2600 m in the spring marmots eat most of the leaves of bluegrass, goose, goose onion, Regel's eremurus, as well as in a small amount of bluegrass and bluegrass root. In the upper zone (over 2900 m) of the river basin. Sayram groundhog main food before the appearance of greenery - roots of the common prostrate, and later - its leaves. In addition, the leaves of the ranunculus buttercup, Fedchenko onion, Lygotis Korolkov and some other plants are eaten. In summer, food is more diverse. In the lower habitat zone, the animals eat a lot of leaves and flowers of finely divided ferula, prangos, eremurus Regel, rhubarb Maximovich, Korolkovia Severtsov, melissitus Popov and some others. In the upper zone, in the river basin. Sairam, where the vegetation is the most mesophilic, is based on alpine dandelion, Fedchenko onions, meadow foxtail, prostrate open-backed fish and Rhodiola Kirillova.
Of great importance in the middle and lower belts of the marmot habitat is the long-growing vegetation of slaughterhouses, which groundhogs, like the marmot, feed before hibernation. In spring and early summer, the groundhog often eats animal feed (shellfish, insects, worms). Thirst quenches with moisture contained in plants, although in the spring there is occasionally eating snow.
A groundhog is a settled animal, although it is characterized by small seasonal movements due to the nature of the distribution and melting of the snow cover. Frequent anxiety caused by dogs, people accompanying flocks of sheep cause eviction of marmots. However, the animals usually move no further than 300-400 m and, at the end of summer, after the migration of the sheep, they return to their former places.
In early spring, leaves after hibernation, breaking through a high (1-3 m) snow cover. On slopes up to 2600 m above sea level m. groundhogs in mass appear in late March - early April, higher - in the second decade of April and at an altitude of more than 2900 m - in late April - early May. The first one and a half weeks after hibernation leave the burrows for about 10 hours and disappear more often at 12-13 hours. With the appearance of thawed patches they run to them 100-150 m from their burrows. In inclement weather, wind and snow completely stop activity.
In summer (at an altitude of up to 2600 m from the third decade of May to the end of July), marmots in the mass emerge from the burrows for about 6 hours and leave in them at about 21 hours, making them in the hottest time (from 10-11 to 15-16 hours) break while resting in shelters or in the shade of rocks. In August (up to 2600 m) the weather is usually dry and warm. In many places there is still enough food. However, the ground activity of marmots at this time decreases, molting and fat accumulation end. At the beginning of the third decade of August, groundhogs begin to hibernate. In the upper habitat zone this happens in the second and even in the third (1971) decades of September, with the onset of night frosts and snowfalls. Marmots' winter stay in burrows in the lower zone is 6.5 months. The weight of fat in adult animals by the beginning of hibernation is on average about 23%, and in young animals - about 12% of body weight.
These are animals that like to sunbathe in the sun in small groups. All day marmots pass in search of food, the sun and games with other individuals. At the same time, they are constantly near the hole, which they should return to in the evening. Despite the small weight of this rodent, it can run, jump and move stones with extraordinary speed and dexterity. When the groundhog is scared, he emits a characteristic sharp whistle. Using paws and long claws, he digs long burrows of various sizes, connecting them with underground tunnels. A sleep rodent increases its chances of survival in a cold, hungry, snowy winter. During hibernation, the groundhog performs a real physiological miracle. His body temperature drops from 35 to 5 and below degrees Celsius, and the heart slows down the rhythm from 130 to 15 beats per minute. During such a "lull” the groundhog's breathing becomes barely noticeable.
Reproduction and longevity
Puberty and entry into reproduction in marmots occurs at the age of 2-6 years. Preparation for early spring breeding begins before hibernation. Mating, in some cases whelping and part of the lactation, takes place in the hole before leaving the surface after hibernation. Pregnancy lasts 31-33 days. The actual size of the brood (actually coming to the surface of the babies) is 1-15 individuals. Potential fertility is slightly higher than the actual, due to the resorption of part of the embryos in the uterus. The main reproductive contribution is made by females 2-4 years old, and the smallest females are older than 8 years. The childbearing period of females is up to 12-15 years. The highest reproductive properties are possessed by marmots at the age of 5-8 years. In many families, marmot breeding pairs are of different ages with a difference of 2-8 years. It can be assumed that the change of one of the parents is not a frequent occurrence and occurs in the event of the death of one of them. Replacing it may be from among migrants or members of its own family, which for all types of marmots is realized by a mechanism of regular interfamily rearrangement of individuals. In the second half of the activity season, many adult females move to other families and the next year they bring offspring in the new family. These facts make it possible to conclude that at the time of the start of hibernation preparation by some signs (reactions), females are able to determine the potential readiness of males for productive mating after hibernation and this motivates them to be introduced into a new family. As a result of constant "mixing” of individuals (yearlings, yearlings, 2–3-year-olds and adults), the heterogeneity of the composition of groups increases, the overall genetic structure becomes more complicated, and a stable population structure is formed.
In the Karzhantau mountains, males make up 58.6%, and females - 41.1%; by age: adults - 36.3%, half-adults (over two years old) - 14%, older than a year - 13.3% and profitable mates - 36.3%. At an altitude of 2,400-2,600 m, rutting occurs partly until the first groundhogs emerge in spring on the surface, partly in the first week after their appearance. In the brood, 2–7 marmots, which first appear from burrows at an altitude of up to 2600 m in late May and early June; up to 2900 m in the second decade of June and up to 3300 m in the first half of July, having a weight of 240—310 g.
The average life span of an animal is 15-18 years. In ideal wildlife conditions, there have been cases of longevity when groundhogs survived to 20 years. In the home environment, their lifespan is significantly reduced. The whole point is the need for artificial introduction of the rodent into hibernation. If this is not done, the groundhog will not live even five years.
Enemies
A study of the groundhog in Kazakhstan showed that there was no mass death of it from enemies, parasites, diseases and climatic phenomena and determines the change in the number of mainly human activities. Poaching and the abundance of shepherd dogs, which destroy groundhogs in the mass, are especially destructive, especially trusting young animals. Excessive livestock grazing may also be negative: grazing groundhogs may lead to poor fatness and death during hibernation.
Predators play a huge role in the life of marmots, because these animals have a lot of enemies. They are hunted by wolves, coyotes, foxes, steppe ferrets, cougars, red lynxes, manuls, snakes, eagles, golden eagles and other birds of prey. To protect their lives, groundhogs are constantly forced to guard, rising column and looking around. The only salvation from danger is a deep hole and mutual assistance from fellow men who give warning signals. In an effort to hide in a hole, the groundhog is able to run at speeds up to 16 km / h, while usually they move only at a speed of 3 km / h. At the same time, the captured animal is able to resist and can bite strongly with its sharp incisors. In addition, fleas, ticks and nematodes (worms) pose a danger to groundhogs, which, when severely infected, weaken the young.On guard of the Forest - partenavia P. 68 Aircraft
History of creation
The Partenavia P. 68 is an Italian twin-engine multi-purpose aircraft developed by Partenavia in 1970. The Partenavia P. 68 aircraft was designed by the Italian engineer and designer Luigi Pascal in 1967, while already at the development stage it was assumed that the aircraft could be used for various areas of its operation, including the transportation of passengers, cargo transportation, and perform a number of goals in the field of military aviation. The project of a new aircraft is quite strongly interested in future customers, which ultimately led to a fairly high popularization of this aircraft.
Its first flight-this twin-engine aircraft carried out in 1970, however, due to some technical nuances, went into production only in 1972, where almost immediately met with approving comments from the owners, because despite the multi-purpose use and good enough passenger capacity, the aircraft had quite a compact size, which provided it with high speed and good maneuverability. Depending on the version of the aircraft, the Partenavia P. 68 can accommodate up to 7 people, including one pilot and six passengers, while later versions of the aircraft could take on Board both more and fewer passengers. In addition, the partenavia P. 68 aircraft was also able to prove itself well in the field of transportation of various types of cargo, in particular, on Board the aircraft could be placed up to 660 kilograms of payload. The aircraft has a fairly good maneuverability, and for the entire period of operation of this aircraft was officially identified only four serious accidents, some of which were associated with an exclusively human factor.
Modifications
After fourteen pre-production was followed by an improved aircraft P. 68B with an extended 15 cm fuselage, entered production in early 1974; a total of 190 aircraft were built.
It was then replaced by a variant of the R. 68C, which had an elongated nose, increased fuel capacity, and several internal changes.
A special version for patrolling and observing the P. 68 observer was developed in 1975-76. It had a new front fuselage, including an organic glass nose section that provided excellent lower and forward visibility. The prototype aircraft made its first flight in February 1976 and was accepted into mass production, which amounted to about 20 aircraft. A variant of the P. 68R with a retractable landing gear of the R. 68D made its first flight in December 1976, but did not enter mass production.
The P. 68C-TC with 157 kW (210 HP) tio-360-C turbocharger engines was certified in June 1980, and 36 vehicles have since been sold. Later, the company began developing a variant with turboprop engines, initially designated as the P. 68 Turbo (Turbo). The result was a nine-seat aircraft AR.68TR, a prototype of which made its first flight on September 11, 1978. In total, about 400 R. 68 aircraft were built by 1992.
Flight characteristics
As the power plant for model aircraft Partenavia P. 68 there are two piston aircraft engine Lycoming IO-360-A1B6 (one plane), each of which has a capacity of 200 HP, which in turn provides the aircraft with a high flight speed of about 320 km / h (depending on modification), and high load capacity. Later versions of the Partenavia P. 68 can also use a turboprop powerplant, so that such characteristics as speed, flight range - up to 2110 km, maximum load capacity - up to 660 kg and maximum flight height - up to 5850 m are significantly increased.
Operation
The Partenavia P. 68 found active use in military aviation, where it was used for a variety of purposes, ranging from the transportation of military personnel, and ending with the implementation of tasks for patrolling the area and conducting aerial photography. In Kazavialesoohrana plane Partenavia P. 68 is used for forest aviation works, as well as air raids aimed at identifying and suppressing the facts of poaching, violations of the rules of hunting and fishing, conducted in conjunction with environmental authorities.
The history of the establishment of aviation forest protection in the USSR, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan. Chapter 4
With this article, we continue the series of publications devoted to the history of the establishment of aviation forest protection in the USSR, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Chapter 4. From the nineties of the XX century - to Aviation protection at the present stage.
Creation of a departmental fleet in a transition economy. Technical innovations. Creation of a federal reserve. FDS and ISDM Rosleskhoz. " The work of FBU Avialesohrana and regional specialized institutions. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the transition to a market economy could not but affect the state of aviation forest protection.
In 1994, the USSR Ministry of Civil Aviation was abolished. Almost no financial support was left for the aviation enterprises and small aviation squads serving the forest protection bases, their gradual liquidation began.
Only a few airlines were able to stay afloat by creating their own airlines. By the mid-90s, in many regions there was a shortage of aircraft and helicopters, as well as jet fuel. Airlines that focused on providing instant and good income passenger and cargo transportation, eliminated the fleet of light aircraft and helicopters, so necessary for the implementation of forestry operations. In many regions, aircraft and helicopters of the 1st class remained from aviation equipment: Il-62, Tu-154, Il-86, Mi-26. In a number of air bases, An-26 aircraft and Mi-8 helicopters literally flew on their last resources.
Under the current conditions, the Aviation Protection was forced to take the path of creating departmental aviation. In 1994, a flight division was organized as part of the Northeast Air Base, and in 1995 the Central Air Base took over the Vladimir State Air Enterprise. A year later, departmental aviation units were organized in the North-Western Air Base (Petrozavodsk), Krasnoyarsk (Yeniseisk), Amur (Svobodny) and their units in the Altai and Buryatia republics.
The presence of a departmental fleet of aircraft, the geographically uniform location of airbases ensured the implementation of forest patrol operations in most of the protected area. By investing in departments of departmental aviation, the Central Air Base planned its development, carried out repairs, deployed aircraft in the regions, and carried out flight safety control.
Departmental aircraft fleet of the Aviation Safety Agency totaled 106 units, including 3 Be-12P air tankers, sixty-nine An-2 aircraft, one Mi-8MTV helicopter, five An-26 aircraft, two An-24, two An-3, eighteen helicopters Mi-8T, seven Mi-2, one Il-103 aircraft. The number of flight personnel of their own aviation exceeded 500 people. The flight hours of the Aviation Protection's own aviation exceeded 50% of the total flight time.
To be continued...